biochemistry thanksgiving reading comprehension

content of Biochemistry

Section One: Chemical Constituents of Life

Chapter 1: Biomolecules and the Cell

Summary

The cell

Eukaryotic cell

Chapter 2: Carbohydrates

Summary

Monosaccharides—structural aspects

Structure of glucose

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

Homopolysaccharides

Heteropolysaccharides

Agar and pectins

Glycoproteins

Self-assessment excercises

Chapter 3: Lipids

Summary

Fatty acids

Essential fatty acids

Triacylglycerols

Phospholipids

Glycolipids

Lipoproteins

Steroids

Amphipathic lipids

Soaps and detergents

Self-Assessment excercises

Chapter 4: Proteins and Amino Acids

Summary

Amino acids

Structure of proteins

Self-assessment excercises

Chapter 5: Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

Summary

Nucleotides

Structure of DNA

Organization of DNA in the cell

Structure of RNA

Self-assessment excercises

Chapter 6: Enzymes

Summary

Historical background

Nomenclature and classification

Chemical nature and properties of enzymes

Factors affecting enzyme activity

Active site

Enzyme inhibition

Enzyme specificity

Coenzymes

Mechanism of enzyme action

Regulation of enzyme activity in the living system

Units of enzyme activity

Non-protein enzymes

Applications of enzymes

Diagnostic importance of enzymes

Isoenzymes

Enzyme pattern in diseases

Diagnostic importance of enzymes in other body fluids and tissues

Self-assessment excercises

Chapter 7: Vitamins

Summary

Individual vitamins

Vitamin A

Vitamin D

Vitamin E

Vitamin K

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)

Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

Niacin

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

Biotin

Pantothenic acid

Folic acid

Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)

Vitamin like compounds

Choline

Inositol

Lipoic acid

Para aminobenzoic acid

Bioflavonoids

Antivitamins

Self-Assessment Exercises

Section Two: Physiological Biochemistry

Chapter 8: Digestion and Absorption

Summary

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic acids

Abnormalities related to digestion and absorption

Self-assessment exercises

Chapter 9: Plasma Proteins

Summary

Albumin

Globulins

Immunoglobulins

Blood clotting

Self-assessment exercises

Chapter 10: Hemoglobin and Porphyrins

Summary

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin derivatives

Abnormal hemoglobins

Sickle-cell anemia or sickle-cell hemoglobin

Thalassemias

Porphyrins

Biosynthesis of heme

Porphyrias

Degradation of heme to bile pigments

Jaundice

Self-assessment exercises

Chapter 11: Biological Oxidation

Summary

Bioenergetics

High-energy compounds

Biological oxidation

Electron transport chain

Oxidative phosphorylation

Self-assessment exercises

Section Three: Metabolisms

Chapter 12: Introduction to Metabolism

Summary

Chapter 13: Metabolism of Carbohydrates

Summary

Glycolysis

Citric acid cycle

Gluconeogenesis

Glycogen metabolism

Futile cycles

Glycogen storage diseases

Hexose monophosphate shunt

Uronic acid pathway

Metabolism of galactose

Metabolism of fructose

Metabolism of amino sugars

Glyoxylate cycle

Self-assessment Exercises

Chapter 14: Metabolism of Lipids

Summary

Fatty acid oxidation

Ketone bodies

Biosynthesis of fatty acids

Synthesis of triacylglycerols

Metabolism of phospholipids

Metabolism of glycolipids

Metabolism of cholesterol

Lipoproteins

Metabolism of HDL

Disorders of plasma lipoproteins

Fatty liver

Lipotropic factors

Obesity

Atherosclerosis

Alcohol metabolism

Self-assessment exercises

Chapter 15: Metabolism of Amino Acids

Summary

Amino acid pool

Metabolism of amino acids —general aspects

Metabolism of ammonia

Urea cycle

Metabolism of individual amino acids

Glycine

Phenylalanine and tyrosine

Tryptophan

Sulfur amino acids

One-carbon metabolism

Branched chain amino acids

Histidine, proline and arginine

Lysine

Glutamate and glutamine

Aspartate and asparagine

Alanine

Serine

Threonine

Fate of carbon skeleton of amino acids

Amino acids as neurotransmitters

Biogenic amines

Polyamines

Self-assessment exercises

Chapter 16: Integration of Metabolism

Summary

Organ specialization and metabolic integration

Metabolism in starvation

Chapter 17: Metabolism of Nucleotides

Summary

Biosynthesis of purine ribonucleotides

Degradation of purine nucleotides

Disorders of purine metabolism

Biosynthesis of pyrimidine ribonucleotides

Self-assessment exercises

Chapter 18: Mineral Metabolism

Summary

Calcium

Phosphorus

Magnesium

Sodium

Potassium

Chlorine

Sulfur

Iron

Copper

Iodine

Manganese

Zinc

Molybdenum

Cobalt

Fluorine

Selenium

Chromium

Self-assessment exercises

Section Four: Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition

Chapter 19: Hormones

Summary

Classification of hormones

cAMP—The second messenger

Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

Hypothalamic hormones

Anterior pituitary hormones

Posterior pituitary hormones

Thyroid hormones

Hormones of adrenal cortex

Hormones of adrenal medulla

Hormones of gonads

The menstrual cycle

Gastrointestinal (or gut) hormones

Self-assessment exercises

Chapter 20: Organ Function Tests

Summary

Liver function tests

Jaundice

Kidney (renal) function tests

Gastric function tests

Other organ function tests

Self Assessment excercises

Chapter 21: Water

Summary

Water and life

Water turnover and balance

Electrolyte balance

Acid-base balance

Maintenance of blood pH

Disorders of acid-base balance

Blood gas measurement

Self-assessment exercises

Chapter 22: Tissue Proteins and Body Fluids

Summary

Connective tissue proteins

Contractile proteins

Muscle proteins

Body fluids

Self-assessment excercises

Chapter 23: Nutrition

Summary

Nutrition and energy supply

Utilization of energy in man

Nutritional importance of carbohydrates

Fiber in nutrition

Nutritional importance of lipids

Nutritional importance of proteins

Nutritional importance of vitamins and minerals

Recommended dietary allowances (rda)

Balanced diet

Nutritional disorders

Other nutritional disorders

Therapeutic diets

Nutritional status and clinical practice

Nutrigenomics

Self-assessment excercises

Section Five: Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

Chapter 24: DNA-Replication

Summary

Replication of DNA

Recombination

Damage and repair of DNA

Self-assessment exercises

Chapter 25: Transcription and Translation

Summary

Transcription

Reverse transcription

Translation

Protein biosynthesis

Protein targeting

Mitochondrial DNA, transcription and translation

Self-assessment exercises

Chapter 26: Regulation of Gene Expression

Summary

The operon concept

Tryptophan operon

Gene expression in eukaryotes

Gene regulation in eukaryotes

Epigenetic regulation of gene expression

Self-assessment exercises

Chapter 27: Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology

Summary

Basic techniques in genetic engineering

DNA in disease diagnosis and medical forensics

Pharmaceutical products of DNA technology

Recombinant vaccines

DNA Vaccines (genetic immunization)

Transgenic animals

Dolly – the transgenic clone

Cloning of pet animals

Biotechnology and society

Self-assessment exercises

Section Six: Current Topics

Chapter 28: Human Genome Project

Summary

Chapter 29: Gene Therapy

Summary

Ex vivo gene therapy

Selected examples of ex vivo gene therapy

In vivo gene therapy

Antigene and antisense therapy

Chapter 30: Bioinformatics

Summary

Chapter 31: Metabolism of Xenobiotics (Detoxification)

Summary

Mechanism of detoxification

Chapter 32: Prostaglandins and Related Compounds

Summary

Leukotrienes

Chapter 33: Biological Membranes and Transport

Summary

Chapter 34: Free Radicals and Antioxidants

Summary

Chapter 35: Environmental Biochemistry

Summary

Atmospheric (climatic) changes

Environmental pollution

Carcinogens

Chapter 36: Insulin

Summary

Insulin

Glucagon

Regulation of blood glucose level (homeostasis of blood glucose)

Hypoglycemia

Classification of diabetes mellitus

Chapter 37: Cancer

Summary

Etiology

Molecular basis of cancer

Tumor markers

Characteristics of growing tumor cells

Cancer therapy

Prevention of cancer

Chapter 38: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Summary

Section Seven: Basics to Learn Biochemistry

Chapter 39: Introduction to Bioorganic Chemistry

Isomerism

Chapter 40: Overview of Biophysical Chemistry

Water

Acids and bases

Buffers

Solutions

Colloidal state

Diffusion

Osmosis

Donnan membrane equilibrium

Viscosity

Surface tension

Adsorption

Isotopes

Chapter 41: Tools of Biochemistry

Chromatography

Electrophoresis

Photometry—colorimeter and spectrophotometer

Fluorimetry

Flame photometry

Ultracentrifugation

Radioimmunoassay

Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay

Hybridoma technology

Chapter 42: Immunology

The immune system

The complement system

The immune response

Cytokines

Immunity in health and disease

Chapter 43: Genetics

Appendix I : Abbreviations used in this Book

Appendix II : Origins of Important Biochemical Words

Appendix III : Common Confusables in Biochemistry

Appendix IV : Practical Biochemistry—Principles

Appendix V : Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory

Appendix VI : Case Studies with Biochemical Correlations

Appendix VII : Reference Biochemical Values